In academia, various advanced carbon materials have been synthesized in many research articles, and most of the carbon materials can be hardly produced on a large scale. The development of Li-S batteries in academia is as fast as taking a bullet train, but the development in the industry is as slow as running. However, the commercialization process of Li-S batteries developed very slowly, therefore, there still has no product in the market. Scientists involving in academic research of Li-S batteries developed very fast and achieved fruitful results in the past decades. The situation of many critical factors for Li-S batteries in academia and industry researches is presented in Figure 1. In this paper, the industry of Li-S batteries is mainly the pilot-scale production in many companies and universities. To date, there are no commercial Li-S batteries in the market. In this review, we analyzed the big gap between academia and industry, and hope to give guidance to promote the commercialization of Li-S batteries. A big gap between industry and academic research exists in Li-S batteries, just like two parallel lines. However, Li-S batteries suffer from the electrochemical intermediates (polysulfides) dissolution, which causes poor cyclability and lithium anode corrosion, poor electronic conductivity, and significant volume change during cycling ( Wang et al., 2014 Li et al., 2016).Ī large number of academic researches have been reported on Li-S batteries, and many of them achieved reversible capacities over 1,000 mAh/g (based on sulfur), whereas they are still far away from the industrial production. Based on an average discharge voltage of 2.15 V, the theoretical gravimetric energy density of a Li-S cell is ~2,510 Wh/kg, which is much higher than that of the traditional Li-ion batteries. A Li-S cell works based on the following conversion reaction: 2Li + S ↔ Li 2S, leading to an overall theoretical cell capacity of ~1,167 mAh/g ( Ji et al., 2009). As one of the richest elements in the earth's crust, sulfur delivers a high theoretical capacity of ~1,675 mAh/g, which is much higher than those cathode materials in Li-ion batteries. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with a much higher energy density have attracted more and more attentions ( Ji et al., 2009 Manthiram et al., 2014 Sun et al., 2017 Tan et al., 2017 Li Z. Therefore, it is highly imperative to develop high-energy storage systems to satisfy the increasing energy demand. Other storage devices, such as supercapacitors, are representative of high-power devices, whereas their energy density is much lower than Li-ion battery ( Simon et al., 2014 Yan et al., 2018). The energy density of traditional Li-ion batteries can hardly go beyond 300 Wh/kg. Traditional Li-ion batteries are more and more difficult in satisfying the demand due to their limited capacity and energy density ( Bruce et al., 2011 Lu et al., 2013). With the fast growth of population and economy, the demand for clean energy is increasing rapidly. We expected that this review could be helpful to both academic research and industrial commercialization of Li-S batteries. The problems, which existing in pouch cells by using the materials and technologies developed by academic research using coin cells, was analyzed. In this brief review, we discussed the gap between the academic research and commercialization in detail based on literature reports and to our more than 10 years' experience on Li-S pouch cells, which including cathodes, anodes, separators, interlayers, electrolytes, and additives. However, the performance is hugely different when these strategies are extended to mass production, indicating a significant difference between academic research, and industrial production. In academia, significant progress has been made in improving the specific capacity, rate capacity, and cycle performance using various novel strategies. Li-S batteries, since their big breakthrough in 2009, have attracted much attention in both academia and industry. With the increasing demand for green energy due to environmental issues, developing batteries with high energy density is of great importance. 5National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.4Military Power Sources Research and Development Center, Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, China.3Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.2Soundgroup New Energy Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Jining, China.Kunlei Zhu 1,2 † Chao Wang 3 * † Zixiang Chi 2 Fei Ke 2 Yang Yang 3 Anbang Wang 4 Weikun Wang 4 Lixiao Miao 2,5 *
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